• In mice iNKT cells are most

  2022-04-20

  

  In mice, iNKT cells are most frequent (20–30%) among liver T lymphocytes, while they only constitute 0.4–1% of the total T cells in thymus, bone marrow, spleen, lymph node, and intraepithelial lymphocytes. In humans, iNKT cells constitute approximately only a 0.1–0.2% of the peripheral blood T lymp

• TAK-242 Recently a receptor for nicotinic acid named

  2022-04-20

  

  Recently, a receptor for nicotinic acid, named GPR109A (also known as HM74a in man or PUMA-G in the mouse) has been identified (Lorenzen et al., 2001, Lorenzen et al., 2002, Soga et al., 2003, Tunaru et al., 2003, Wise et al., 2003). This receptor, a member of the 7 transmembrane G-protein coupled f

• Antibiotic treatment suggests that cancer promoting bacteria

  2022-04-20

  

  Antibiotic treatment suggests that cancer-promoting bacteria arise from the histamine-2 receptor antagonist of Grp109a mice. How does the lack of Gpr109a signaling lead to expansion of potentially cancer-promoting bacteria? Is this phenomenon related to improper development of intestinal Treg cells?

• br Materials and methods br Results br Discussion Until

  2022-04-20

  

  Materials and methods Results Discussion Until very recently, the anti-atherogenic activity of niacin was attributed almost exclusively to its impact on HDL and other plasma lipids, perhaps mediated via its action on GPR109A expressed in adipose or other tissues. However, recent clinical st

• The general synthetic routes leading to aspartate and diamin

  2022-04-20

  

  The general synthetic routes, leading to aspartate and 2,3-diaminopropionate analogs, are shown in . As outlined in , aspartic perindopril erbumine analogs – were synthesized through standard carbodiimide-mediated coupling between an amine and an appropriately protected aspartic acid. It is worth m

• br Functional organization of postsynaptic glutamate

  2022-04-20

  

  Functional organization of postsynaptic glutamate receptors Downstream effects of glutamate receptor positioning Mechanisms underlying the subsynaptic positioning of glutamate receptors Conclusions and future prospects The molecular organization of synapses is undoubtedly a critical dete

• Tail group SAR of the imidazole

  2022-04-20

  

  Tail group SAR of the imidazole derived analogs is shown in . The previous SAR study from the discovery of AMG 837 revealed that a simple un-substituted meta-biphenyl tail group was less favorable in terms of potency. Efforts to introduce polarity to the tail group were not successful. When a methyl

• Pyrogallol is an organic gallic acid

  2022-04-20

  

  Pyrogallol is an organic gallic acid-converting compound that has three hydroxyl groups and belongs to the phenol family. Gallic PD 169316 is obtainable from the galls and barks of various trees, and a simple heating procedure can induce the decarboxylation of gallic acid to produce pyrogallol (alia

• br Materials and methods br Results br Discussion Zn is

  2022-04-19

  

  Materials and methods Results Discussion Zn2+ is an extremely abundant transition metal in the synaptic vesicles of hippocampal glutamatergic mossy fibers and remains a key factor in the modulation of neuronal plasticity (Assaf and Chung, 1984). Disruption of Zn2+ homeostasis is associated

• NO has been shown to be necessary for

  2022-04-19

  

  NO has been shown to be necessary for long-term potentiation (LTP) of GABAergic neurons in the amygdala (Lange et al., 2012), the hippocampus (Zhuo et al., 1993), the ventral tegmental area (VTA) (Nugent et al., 2009), and the spinal cord (Fenselau et al., 2011). NO is also known to increase GABA re

• br Introduction Farnesoid X receptor FXR is a bile acid

  2022-04-19

  

  Introduction Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a bile α-Naphthoflavone synthesis regulated nuclear receptor highly expressed in the liver, intestine, kidney and adrenal glands in rodents.1, 2, 3, 4 FXR regulates transport proteins, the bile salt export pump (BSEP) and the organic solute transporter α

• br Significance Metabolites present in

  2022-04-19

  

  Significance Metabolites present in the extracellular environment can potently modulate cellular phenotypes and potentially serve as therapeutics for various diseases. Ferroptosis is a non-apoptotic cell death process characterized by the generation of toxic lipid reactive oxygen species (ROS). I

• Mammals and birds are sensitive either to hypo

  2022-04-19

  

  Mammals and birds are sensitive either to hypo or hyper glycemia. In contrary some frogs when freezing/thawing experience very high glycemia (Storey and Storey, 1986). Nevertheless when the effect of temperature on Fru-2,6P2 concentration was investigated, the constant glucose level in frogs kept at

• br Ethics statements br Introduction Hepatocellular carcinom

  2022-04-19

  

  Ethics statements Introduction Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most common malignant tumor and the third leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, with rapidly-increasing incidence in recent years [1,2]. Mounting evidence shows that viral hepatitis, toxin exposure, non-a

• br Introduction Histamine was generally accepted as a neurot

  2022-04-19

  

  Introduction Histamine was generally accepted as a neurotransmitter in 1984, when histamine was first identified to be located in tuberomamillary nucleus (TM) of the brain (Watanabe et al., 1984). In mammals, histaminergic neurons play an important role in regulating multiple physiological activi

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